Windows 10 Home, 64-bit
Other than browser pop-up and tracker blockers, I'm only running Windows Security on the system.
But your final suggestion worked. The installer must have detected SAP Crystal Reports on my machine (although I can't find anything with any part of that name when searching the hard drive) because running the installer gave me the options to remove or reinstall. I "reinstalled" and after restarting CB, all is well.
HUGE thanks, @Mark J. Castaneda!